One in a Krillion Answers, August 2026

Ciudad de la PazEquatorial Guinea's decree made this planned city its capital in January 2026.

YarenNauru names no official capital; Yaren merely hosts the government.

OcaInca staple tuber, still everyday food in the high Andes.

Chocolate bananaEast Asian festival staple: whole banana, chocolate shell, sprinkles.

RadiusKarel Capek's 1920 play R.U.R. coined robot for him.

The MaschinenmenschFritz Lang's 1927 robot; C-3PO's design directly honors her.

ChrysippusHe reportedly died laughing at his own joke about a donkey.

Ecua-volleyEcuador's three-a-side street volleyball with a nine-foot net.

SamoaA 2017 amendment wrote the Trinity into its constitution.

Erie IndemnityManages Erie Insurance but, by design, never sells you a policy.

Vivmark ResidentialFormed days ago when AvalonBay and Equity Residential merged.

XenopusThe lab frog that powered the first modern pregnancy tests.

Xerces blue butterflyFirst US insect confirmed extinct from human habitat destruction.

SothiSri Lankan coconut-milk curry gentle enough for new mothers.

BrunoCarried Oscar's trash can with Caroll Spinney hidden inside.

PippinApple's forgotten 1996 game console; it sold 42,000 units.

EngancheArgentine for the hook that links midfield to attack.

EutychusSlept through Paul's sermon, fell three stories, lived to hear more.

JaelEnded Sisera's war with a tent peg and a hammer.

Miracle fruitThis West African berry flips sour to sweet for an hour.

BrazilwoodBrazil is named after this wood, not the other way around.

Lignum vitaeDense enough to sink, it once served as propeller bearings.

Kaanga waiMaori cooks ferment corn in stream water for months.

ZambiaEight neighbors, zero coastline.

Microsoft Comic ChatIt rendered 1990s chat rooms as comic-strip panels.

Microsoft SongsmithSing at it and Microsoft's 2009 experiment improvises a backing band.

Detective ChimpJustice League Dark's chimpanzee detective wears an actual deerstalker cap.

Snapper CarrA teen mascot with honorary membership since the original 1960 roster.

Amate paperMexican bark paper made centuries before European contact.

Elephant dung paperUndigested elephant fiber gets sanitized, pulped, and sold as stationery.

TuvaluOne of four sovereign flags still flying it.

Inaccessible Island railEarth's smallest flightless bird lives on one aptly inaccessible island.

Stephens Island wrenA flightless songbird wiped out around 1895, said to have been hunted to extinction largely by a single lighthouse keeper's cat.

Clam dipIts televised recipe reportedly sold out New York's canned clams.

Syrio ForelThe Braavosi sword master who taught Arya, then vanished offscreen. Fans have argued for a decade over whether he survived.

Radium emanationThe original name for radon before it was renamed. Discovered by the Curies, it was literally called an emanation of radium.

Replacement GirlHis 2007 debut single paired him with Trey Songz.

Sir John Soane's MuseumHinged walls unfold the Picture Room's paintings like cabinets.

Miracle berryRewires your tongue so lemons taste like candy.

Air KoryoNorth Korea's flag carrier, once the world's only one-star airline.

Imperial AirwaysFlying boats to India, with hotel stops every night.

Mister DonutBigger in Japan than it ever was in America.

MalteseArabic-descended, yet written entirely in Latin letters.

RotokasTwelve letters, the shortest alphabet on Earth.

GM-NAA I/OGeneral Motors wrote the first operating system in 1956.

TempleOSBuilt alone over a decade as a divine commission.

Naked mole ratOne of two mammals that run colonies under a queen.

QueleaFlocks in the millions, the most numerous wild bird alive.

I Do Not Like Thee, Doctor FellImprovised by an Oxford student in 1680, legend says.

I Had a Little Nut TreeLikely about a Spanish princess visiting Henry the Seventh.

San MarinoA republic since 301 AD, older than Christianity's own legal status in Rome.

TuvaluLicensing its .tv internet domain funds a chunk of the national budget.

RepenomamusThis badger-sized Cretaceous mammal was fossilized with a baby dinosaur in its stomach.

CuberdonGhent's cone-shaped gel candy goes stale too fast to export.

Ignoratio elenchiAristotle catalogued this Latin name for missing the point entirely.

P-trapIts curve holds standing water that blocks sewer gas.

Pumice stoneVolcanic rock with so many trapped air bubbles it floats on water.

Spencer HaywoodHis 1971 Supreme Court win let players enter the NBA early.

Up Helly AaShetlanders dress as Vikings each January and burn a longship.

ComorosIt has weathered more than 20 coups since 1975.

DugongSailors once mistook this seagrass grazer for a mermaid.

Goblin sharkSlingshot jaws fire forward in a third of a second.

KaiserschmarrnEmperor Franz Joseph lent the shredded pancake his title.

1899250M+ hours watched in a month, cancelled after one season.

The OAFans flash-mobbed Netflix headquarters over its cliffhanger cancellation.

Frank CapraHe arrived from Sicily at five and defined screen Americana.

John FordHis four Best Director Oscars remain the all-time record.

Democratic Republic of the CongoAfrica’s second-largest country crossed 100 million around 2019.

RepousseLady Liberty’s copper skin was hammered out this way.

MongoliaA crescent moon hides inside its golden Soyombo emblem.

AlephCantor's symbol for measuring different sizes of infinity itself.

NablaNamed for an ancient harp whose triangular shape it resembles.

BalutA fertilized duck egg eaten straight from the shell in Manila.

RolexUganda rolls eggs into chapati and tells no time.

Brian the boom operatorBoom mic operator who finally spoke up to comfort Pam.

David BrentRicky Gervais's Slough manager shares an elevator with Michael.

KuaishouChina's other short-video giant, hundreds of millions watching every day.

HoatzinAmazon stinkbird that ferments leaves in its gut like a cow.

KrillMostly grazes phytoplankton, and yes, it named this game.

OphicleideKeyed brass beast of the 1800s that fathered the tuba.

Mountain Valley Spring WaterBottled from one Arkansas spring since 1871, served to 12 presidents.

SvalbardiHand-harvested Arctic iceberg water at up to 6,000 euros a bottle.

VanuatuBritain and France ran it jointly, down to two rival police forces.

Pump StreetSuffolk bakery whose sourdough-and-sea-salt bar beats global giants at world awards.

KineticaIts PS2 engine went on to power the first Ratchet and Clank.

Isotype chartOtto Neurath's 1920s Vienna system that told statistics through repeated icons.

Nightingale rose chartFlorence Nightingale used it to prove sanitation, not battle, killed soldiers.

MurderballOscar-nominated documentary about full-contact wheelchair rugby.

The Battered Bastards of BaseballKurt Russell's dad owned this outlaw minor-league team.

The First Slam DunkTakehiko Inoue returned to direct his own 90s basketball manga.

Toradora!A 2008 rom-com still outdrawing almost every anime ever made.

JordanIts entire coastline is 26 kilometers squeezed in at Aqaba.

SaolaDiscovered in 1992, photographed in the wild a handful of times.

Esopus SpitzenburgThomas Jefferson's favorite, shipped to Monticello by the barrel.

Dr. RamorayJoey's soap role, killed by a fall down an elevator shaft.

DeFord BaileyOpry's first Black star, quietly dropped from the show in 1941.

Jimmie RodgersCalled the Father of Country Music; died days after his last session.

Pierre CoffinEvery single Minion voice is his, and his name leads the poster.

Yoo Hae-jinLed The King's Warden past every Korean film in box-office history.

AsterismThree asterisks in a triangle, too obsolete for most fonts.

GujeolpanNine-sectioned royal platter once served to Joseon kings.

Boiling LakeA flooded volcanic fumarole in Dominica that visibly boils.

Happy Feet TwoUhhhhh no we didn't totally get our brand from this movie.

Ghân-buri-GhânHis secret forest road gets Rohan to the battle on time.

Archangel MichaelHis name is Hebrew for 'who is like God?'

Banca francesaA three-dice relic surviving mostly in Portuguese casinos.

Skeltonic verseInvented by Henry VIII's tutor; critics called it doggerel to his face.

National speed limit appliesBritain's white circle with a slash never states its number.

Runaway truck rampDeep gravel beds built for trucks whose brakes have failed.

Honey mushroomAn Oregon colony spanning three square miles may be Earth's largest organism.

HuitlacocheCorn smut to farmers, a delicacy priced above corn in Mexico.

Sauce nantuaCrayfish butter and cream, the classic test of a saucier.

Gulf of KhambhatIts funnel shape drives some of Earth's fastest tidal bores.

Osmotic energyNorway's prototype plant ran on river water meeting salt water.

Swindon TownConceded a hundred goals in 1993-94 and went straight back down.

Diplomatic pouchSealed under the Vienna Convention, it can legally be a shipping container.

ReticuleDirect ancestor of every handbag, born when dresses went slim.

Marshall IslandsBikini Atoll is here, and the swimsuit was named after it.

Vampire squidLatin for 'vampire squid from hell,' though it eats drifting crumbs.

SpundekasMainz wine taverns whip this cheese spread to eat with pretzels.

Alejo IgoaArgentine sketch comedian with more subscribers than PewDiePie.

KIMPROWordless Korean food skits that became 2025's most-watched channel on Earth.

TetraquarkPredicted in 1964, but the first one showed up in 2013.

UzbekistanDoubly landlocked: every path to the sea crosses two borders.

ChopinesVenetian platforms of the 1500s that could tower twenty inches tall.

LesothoA kingdom inside South Africa, lying entirely above 1,000 meters.

MontecristoDumas borrowed this tiny Tuscan islet's name for his count.

Fat-tailed dwarf lemurMadagascar's dwarf lemur is the only primate known to hibernate.

Sai uaChiang Mai's lemongrass-packed grilled sausage rarely leaves northern Thailand.

GeriPixar's 1997 chess short star moonlights as Toy Story 2's cleaner.

GonggongNamed for a Chinese water god in a 2019 public naming vote.

FontangeNamed for Louis XIV's mistress, whose windblown updo launched decades of towers.

Democratic Republic of the CongoBigger than Greenland in real life, whatever Mercator taught you.

ApurimacPeruvian headwater often measured as the Amazon's farthest source.

Chettinad chickenFiery pepper-and-fennel chicken from a tiny Tamil merchant region.

Cecil TurtleBeat Bugs three straight times, a feat nobody else managed.

PainiteGuinness once listed it as the world's rarest gem mineral.

CodpieceHenry VIII's armored one still startles Tower of London visitors.

Kapton tapeAmber film on the Apollo lander, that famous 'gold foil.'

Self-amalgamating tapeNo adhesive at all; stretched wraps bond only to themselves.

Sea of CrisesMare Crisium, where Soviet probe Luna 24 drilled samples in 1976.

LyrebirdMimics chainsaws, car alarms, and camera shutters note-perfect.

Buddha jumps over the wallLegend says the aroma lured a monk over his monastery wall.

BoothbyStarfleet Academy's groundskeeper, played by Ray Walston, mentored Picard himself.

Forensic pathologyDetermines cause of death for courts, one autopsy at a time.

Cooper BlackGarfield's logo and the Pet Sounds cover share this 1922 face.

BeninIts Dahomey kingdom fielded an all-female regiment into the 1890s.

Monito del monteCloser kin to Australia's marsupials than to any American opossum.

Casu marzuSardinian cheese served while the maggots inside are still alive.

Henry CavendishA garden shed and a torsion balance gave Earth's mass.

Subrahmanyan ChandrasekharHe derived the white dwarf mass limit at nineteen, shipboard.

Seattle PilotsBankruptcy court sent them to Milwaukee after one 1969 season.

VicunaAndean herders shear these wild camelids only every three years.

Pancake tortoiseToo flat to hide inside itself, so it wedges into rock cracks.

BeverlyCoke's bitter Italian aperitivo, kept alive mainly to ambush Atlanta tourists.

Gifford'sFive generations of one Maine family, still churning in Skowhegan.

EdiacaranRatified only in 2004, the first new geological period in 120 years.

KnucklebonesJacks' ancestor, played with real sheep ankle bones in ancient Greece.

VatuVanuatu's money has no cents; one vatu is the smallest unit.

Guinea-BissauThe third Guinea, the one nobody types. Named for its capital so it wouldn't be mistaken for the others — it worked so well it vanished from memory.

KyrgyzstanBuried mid-consonant-pileup, there it is. Remembering Kyrgyzstan under a timer and spelling it close enough to count — that's the hundred.

Fainting couchOne raised end, no back, purpose-built for the corset-induced swoon. The Victorians engineered around the wardrobe instead of fixing it.

Murphy bedPatented around 1900 by William Murphy, who folded his bed into the wall so his one-room apartment became a parlor fit for courting an opera singer. It worked — they married.

Ahmed al-SharaaSyria's president once had a $10 million US bounty on his head under his nom de guerre. Now he does state visits. History moves fast.

Balendra ShahNepal's prime minister since March 2026: a structural engineer and former rapper who ran Kathmandu as an independent mayor. The deepest cut with the best mixtape.

Sleepaway Camp1983 slasher with an ending so infamous it defined the whole franchise. Cult royalty.

KiribatiPays in Australian dollars, mints its own Kiribati coins, and is the only country sitting in all four hemispheres. Nobody ever types it.

TuvaluEleven thousand people, Australian dollars plus Tuvaluan dollar coins, and a treasury propped up by leasing the .tv domain. Trench floor.

Extreme ironingReal, ratified, and gloriously stupid: hauling a board and iron up a cliff, down a reef, or off a bridge to press a shirt mid-descent.

Wing walkingStrapping yourself to the top of a flying biplane. A 1920s barnstorming stunt that somehow still exists.

Lost RiverThe only Ryan Gosling movie with no Ryan Gosling in it — he wrote and directed this 2014 Detroit fever dream instead. The completist crown jewel.

Nigerian PidginOver 100 million speakers and almost no one lists it as a language. West Africa's lingua franca.

Aye-ayeA nocturnal lemur that taps trees and fishes out grubs with one elongated finger. Nightmare fuel, endangered gem.

OilbirdA South American bird that leaves its cave only after dark and navigates by echolocation — clicking its way through the black like a bat that took a different job.

TamagoyakiJapanese rolled omelette, layered egg by egg in a rectangular pan. Breakfast as origami.

DoormanA Great Lakes Avenger who teleports by turning his own body into a doorway to the Darkforce Dimension. So deep a cut the MCU only just used him.

CarcinologyThe scientific study of crustaceans. Krill included. Our house specialty.

Cao DaiFounded in Vietnam in 1926 with its own Holy See in Tây Ninh — and Victor Hugo canonized as a saint. Millions of followers, one great answer.

TenrikyoA Japanese faith so established that its headquarters town is literally named Tenri. Its own city, millions of adherents, almost zero Western name recognition.

DominicaNot the Dominican Republic. A separate sovereign island of volcanoes and rainforest that most players have never once thought about. That's the gem.

BruneiWhite and black stripes on yellow, red crest in the middle. The sultan thanks you for noticing.

KiribatiA frigatebird over a gold sunrise, white waves below. The only flag that is a painting of where it flies.

Northern white rhinoTwo females remain, both infertile. Functionally extinct while still alive. The saddest gem here.

Spider steakTwo per animal, prized by butchers who keep them for themselves. You rarely see it sold.

The Chordettes1950s barbershop harmony group behind 'Mr. Sandman.' Predates the whole genre.

Ibn al-HaythamThe 11th-century polymath who wrote the scientific method centuries before Europe rediscovered it.

Computer Space1971, the first coin-operated arcade video game ever made. Predates Pong itself.

CuraçaoAn island of about 150,000 people and 171 square miles — the smallest nation ever to reach a World Cup, taking a record that had belonged to Iceland. Dick Advocaat took the job at 76, went unbeaten th

United StatesAcross the Bering Strait, two islands sit under three miles apart, one Russian and one American. The border almost nobody names.

SilkwormDomesticated for silk for thousands of years: a farm animal whose barn is a mulberry tray.

BringheA Filipino paella made with glutinous rice and coconut milk, brought by trade and now nearly forgotten outside Pampanga.

Steve AllenThe very first host of The Tonight Show, in 1954, who invented the late-night format everyone else has copied since.

WorldWideWebThe very first web browser, written by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990. Later renamed Nexus so nobody confused the browser with the web itself.

Cirque du Soleil: Worlds AwayCameron produced Cirque du Soleil in 3-D — Pandora's depth cameras pointed at acrobats instead of Na'vi.

AdamstownCapital of the Pitcairn Islands, home to descendants of the Bounty mutineers and one of the least populated capitals on Earth.

Pygmy blue-tongueAn Australian skink declared extinct for 33 years until one turned up in the stomach of a dead snake in 1992. Back from the grave.

SpudnutA doughnut made from potato flour, once a nationwide American chain in the mid-1900s. Fluffier than the wheat kind, and nearly forgotten.

Christopher CrossHis 1981 self-titled debut swept Album, Record, Song, and Best New Artist all at once, the first act ever to take all four top Grammys in a single night.

RelaxinIt loosens the pelvic ligaments before childbirth, and it is the reason your joints feel looser in pregnancy. The hormone almost nobody names.

Ice stock sportBavarian curling with a stick, demonstrated in 1936 and again in 1964.

SkijoringA 1928 demonstration event in which skiers were towed across the snow by galloping horses. Gloriously discontinued.

Dear YouA roughly $2 million Teochew-language family drama, built from three years of interviews with more than 120 elders and performed largely by nonprofessionals, reached $290 million on word of mouth.

Scare OutZhang Yimou's mole-hunt thriller was the first Chinese movie publicly backed by the country's secretive state-security ministry — and it finished just $371,064 above the line.

Neutral MoresnetA tiny zinc-mining triangle in Europe that no country could agree on, run jointly for a century until 1920. Even had its own Esperanto movement.

SorraiaA near-extinct Iberian breed thought to descend from the wild horses of prehistoric cave paintings. A living fossil.

FuguPufferfish so poisonous that chefs train for years to serve it, one bad slice and it is your last meal. The trench floor of the menu.

DeathThe whistling bounty hunter stalking Puss in The Last Wish is Death itself, drawn as a wolf, and widely called the best villain the franchise ever made.

ZondA near-forgotten Soviet program that flew tortoises around the Moon in 1968, the first animals to circle another world and return alive.

Babe ZahariasWon Olympic gold in hurdles and javelin, then switched sports and won ten golf majors. The most versatile champion who ever lived.

Old Tom MorrisWon four Open Championships in the 1860s and designed St Andrews. Golf's founding father, from before anyone had a driver made of metal.

My Uncle OswaldA ribald adult novel about a con man selling the sperm of famous men. Yes, Roald Dahl wrote that.

Petite MartiniqueA speck off Grenada, barely a square mile, historically a boatbuilding and smuggling haven. Trench floor of the Caribbean.

Violin beetleFlattened into the exact shape of a violin so it can slide between fungus layers. Nature's luthier.

SalmagundiThe 17th-century English everything-salad of meats, eggs, pickles, and flowers, beloved in the age of sail. The word now means any glorious jumble.

Michael O'DonoghueSpoke the very first line in SNL history in the very first sketch, in 1975. The show's original head writer.

CholineOfficially named an essential nutrient only in 1998, the newest member of the list and the one almost nobody names.

Arizona CardinalsFounded in 1898 as Chicago's Morgan Athletic Club — the oldest professional football team on Earth, still waiting on its first dynasty.

Kate CrackernutsA Scottish tale where a stepsister saves the day and marries a prince, an old story with a rare heroine who rescues everyone else.

BloemfonteinSouth Africa's judicial capital, the third seat everyone forgets alongside Pretoria and Cape Town.

Torrent duckNests behind Andean waterfalls and swims in whitewater rapids. Peak waterfowl.

EscamolesAnt larvae, sometimes called 'Mexican caviar.' The trench floor of the taqueria.

The CoachmanPinocchio's smiling child-snatcher who turns boys into donkeys. Never punished, never explained, the darkest Disney ever went.

Reuleaux triangleA triangle of constant width that rolls as smoothly as a circle. Used to drill square holes.

ChileHosted in 1962, two years after the largest earthquake ever recorded flattened the country. 'Because we have nothing, we will do everything.'

EnheduannaA Sumerian priestess from 2300 BC, the earliest author of any kind known by name. The first poet on record.

Sao Tome and PrincipeTwo volcanic islands off West Africa that half the room forgets is a country at all. The trench floor of S.

Tadpole shrimpA living fossil that has barely changed in 200 million years and hatches from eggs that survive a decade in dry desert dust. Older than the dinosaurs.

NixtamalizationThe ancient Mesoamerican method of soaking corn in lime to make masa. Without it there is no tortilla, and almost nobody can pronounce it.

GabboThe ventriloquist dummy who nearly dethroned Krusty in one 1993 episode and then vanished forever. A one-hit wonder buried deep in the vault.

Time crystalA phase whose structure repeats in time instead of space, first coaxed into existence on a quantum computer in 2021. Physics grew a brand-new state of matter and almost nobody noticed.

WingbackA backfield spot from the old single-wing offenses of a century ago, all but extinct in the modern game. Leather-helmet deep.

DuelHis debut, a 1971 TV movie about a man terrorized by a faceless truck driver. The studios saw a genius and never looked back.

CyprusGeographically Middle Eastern, politically European, and forgotten by almost everyone naming the region.

Spix's macawThe blue parrot from the movie Rio, declared extinct in the wild. A handful survive in captivity and it inspired the whole film.

ColaturaAn Italian anchovy essence descended straight from ancient Roman garum. You are seasoning your pasta with the Caesars' ketchup.

EggheadVincent Price played him on the 1960s TV show, spouting egg puns as 'the world's smartest criminal.' Egg-zactly the deepest cut.

Canal of SchlemmA tiny drainage channel named after an anatomist named Schlemm. Glaucoma specialists live here; nobody else knows it exists.

Giuseppe FarinaThe very first Formula 1 world champion, in 1950. Everyone names the recent greats; almost nobody names champion number one.

The RegulatorsKing and Bachman published Desperation and The Regulators the same day, with the same characters in mirror-universe roles. A stunt only he could pull.

North DakotaThe single most forgotten state in every 50-state challenge. You beat the buzzer.

Devils Hole pupfishThe rarest fish on Earth, living in one single desert pool in Nevada. The whole species could fit in a bathtub.

CulurgionesA Sardinian dumpling pleated by hand to look like a wheat stalk. Hours of work per piece and almost nobody outside the island can make them.

Custom RoboA GameCube robot-battler with a devoted cult and almost no Western releases. The deep-cut Nintendo heads whisper its name.

Ball lightningA glowing orb of lightning that drifts through the air and even scientists barely understand. Half-legend, fully real.

John L. SullivanThe last bare-knuckle heavyweight champion of the world, from the 1880s. Boxing history starts with him.

The Butter Battle BookA children's book about nuclear arms escalation, ending with the world about to blow up. Seuss went there.

The Seven Lady GodivasSeuss's 1939 book for grown-ups, starring seven nude sisters. It flopped so hard he went back to children's books — he admitted he couldn't draw sexy anyway.

Saint Kitts and NevisSmallest sovereign state in the Americas, and King Charles still reigns over it. Nobody names it in time.

HyraxA furry potato that sunbathes on rocks — and its closest living relatives are elephants and manatees. Nature's best plot twist.

Stargazy pieA Cornish pie with whole fish heads poking through the crust to gaze at the stars. Truly nobody blurts this out.

EternalsChloe Zhao won Best Director, Marvel hired her, and everyone involved agreed to never bring it up. The rarest MCU answer is a sincere one.

Bristlecone pineThe oldest living things on Earth. One in California has been alive for nearly 5,000 years. Nobody guesses the champion.

Emma RaducanuA qualifier ranked outside the top 100 who won the whole US Open without dropping a set. Statistically it should not have happened.

Salvator MundiThe most expensive painting ever sold at $450 million, and it promptly vanished. Nobody even knows where it is now.

The GoldfinchA tiny chained bird that survived a gunpowder explosion in 1654 — and a 784-page novel in 2013.

MaltaThe EU's smallest member. A rock in the Med that half the room forgets exists.

Laughing owlA New Zealand owl that cackled like a lunatic. Extinct since 1914; nobody's laughing now.

PrinzregententorteA Bavarian layer cake with a stratum for each ruler under the prince regent. Nobody spells it right and lives.

Captain Underpants: The First Epic MovieYes, DreamWorks made a whole Captain Underpants film. Tra-la-laaa.

Field's metalMelts in the palm of your hand at 62 degrees C, and it isn't even toxic like the old stuff. Magic trick alloy.

Steaua Bucharest1986, on penalties, a Romanian army club beating Barcelona. Cold War football at its strangest.

GesualdoPrince of Venosa. Wrote madrigals so chromatic they sound like the 20th century — and murdered his wife and her lover. History's most metal composer.

Hildegard von BingenA 12th-century abbess who wrote soaring sacred music 700 years before your other picks. The original composer.